Web cookies (also called HTTP cookies, browser cookies, or simply cookies) are small pieces of data that websites store on your device (computer, phone, etc.) through your web browser. They are used to remember information about you and your interactions with the site.
Purpose of Cookies:
Session Management:
Keeping you logged in
Remembering items in a shopping cart
Saving language or theme preferences
Personalization:
Tailoring content or ads based on your previous activity
Tracking & Analytics:
Monitoring browsing behavior for analytics or marketing purposes
Types of Cookies:
Session Cookies:
Temporary; deleted when you close your browser
Used for things like keeping you logged in during a single session
Persistent Cookies:
Stored on your device until they expire or are manually deleted
Used for remembering login credentials, settings, etc.
First-Party Cookies:
Set by the website you're visiting directly
Third-Party Cookies:
Set by other domains (usually advertisers) embedded in the website
Commonly used for tracking across multiple sites
Authentication cookies are a special type of web cookie used to identify and verify a user after they log in to a website or web application.
What They Do:
Once you log in to a site, the server creates an authentication cookie and sends it to your browser. This cookie:
Proves to the website that you're logged in
Prevents you from having to log in again on every page you visit
Can persist across sessions if you select "Remember me"
What's Inside an Authentication Cookie?
Typically, it contains:
A unique session ID (not your actual password)
Optional metadata (e.g., expiration time, security flags)
Analytics cookies are cookies used to collect data about how visitors interact with a website. Their primary purpose is to help website owners understand and improve user experience by analyzing things like:
How users navigate the site
Which pages are most/least visited
How long users stay on each page
What device, browser, or location the user is from
What They Track:
Some examples of data analytics cookies may collect:
Page views and time spent on pages
Click paths (how users move from page to page)
Bounce rate (users who leave without interacting)
User demographics (location, language, device)
Referring websites (how users arrived at the site)
Here’s how you can disable cookies in common browsers:
1. Google Chrome
Open Chrome and click the three vertical dots in the top-right corner.
Go to Settings > Privacy and security > Cookies and other site data.
Choose your preferred option:
Block all cookies (not recommended, can break most websites).
Block third-party cookies (can block ads and tracking cookies).
2. Mozilla Firefox
Open Firefox and click the three horizontal lines in the top-right corner.
Go to Settings > Privacy & Security.
Under the Enhanced Tracking Protection section, choose Strict to block most cookies or Custom to manually choose which cookies to block.
3. Safari
Open Safari and click Safari in the top-left corner of the screen.
Go to Preferences > Privacy.
Check Block all cookies to stop all cookies, or select options to block third-party cookies.
4. Microsoft Edge
Open Edge and click the three horizontal dots in the top-right corner.
Go to Settings > Privacy, search, and services > Cookies and site permissions.
Select your cookie settings from there, including blocking all cookies or blocking third-party cookies.
5. On Mobile (iOS/Android)
For Safari on iOS: Go to Settings > Safari > Privacy & Security > Block All Cookies.
For Chrome on Android: Open the app, tap the three dots, go to Settings > Privacy and security > Cookies.
Be Aware:
Disabling cookies can make your online experience more difficult. Some websites may not load properly, or you may be logged out frequently. Also, certain features may not work as expected.
Hi all,
I’m having a little trouble with using muscle in the last part of the assignment. It will alignment my test sequences, but wont create output files and instead give me the following error:
sh: line 1: -out: command not found
I’m using the following command in a for loop:
system “muscle -in $dir1[$count1] -out muscle$count1.out”;
and if I change “-out” to “-pout” or anything else I get the same error with “-pout” etc. instead of “-out” along with an alignment. Using system with muscle has worked fine for me in past assignments. Sorry if this is trivial, but I’ve spent a bunch of time failing to get it to work and figured it was better to ask yall. Thanks!
From the error message it seems as if the shell is looking for a command called -out. A possible reason is that variable $dir1[$count1] that is interpolated contains a return at the end. If you don’t do it already, you could chomp the filenames before you put them into the array or into the command ( chomp($variable) removes the return at the end of a string stored in $variable. The only tricky thing with chomp is that it changes $variable. If you use it in an assignment the values is one or zero, depending if there was something to remove.
Correct: chomp($variable)
incorrect: $variable=chomp($variable) #$variable now is 0 or 1
In Perl that are usually 1000 ways to do the same thing.
One way to get filenames files from a directory that end on a given extension is to use glob. For example
@fafiles = glob(“*.fa”); # assigns all names of files that have an fa extension to the array.
An even shorter alternative is
my @files=;
Printing the array is a good idea to check for extra linefeeds:
foreach (@files){print “$_\n”}
Hi Prof. Gogarten,
“chomping” the file names before using them in MUSCLE worked perfectly. Thanks for relieving that headache!
Hi all,
I’m having a little trouble with using muscle in the last part of the assignment. It will alignment my test sequences, but wont create output files and instead give me the following error:
sh: line 1: -out: command not found
I’m using the following command in a for loop:
system “muscle -in $dir1[$count1] -out muscle$count1.out”;
and if I change “-out” to “-pout” or anything else I get the same error with “-pout” etc. instead of “-out” along with an alignment. Using system with muscle has worked fine for me in past assignments. Sorry if this is trivial, but I’ve spent a bunch of time failing to get it to work and figured it was better to ask yall. Thanks!
From the error message it seems as if the shell is looking for a command called -out. A possible reason is that variable $dir1[$count1] that is interpolated contains a return at the end. If you don’t do it already, you could chomp the filenames before you put them into the array or into the command ( chomp($variable) removes the return at the end of a string stored in $variable. The only tricky thing with chomp is that it changes $variable. If you use it in an assignment the values is one or zero, depending if there was something to remove.
Correct: chomp($variable)
incorrect: $variable=chomp($variable) #$variable now is 0 or 1
In Perl that are usually 1000 ways to do the same thing.
One way to get filenames files from a directory that end on a given extension is to use glob. For example
@fafiles = glob(“*.fa”); # assigns all names of files that have an fa extension to the array.
An even shorter alternative is
my @files=;
Printing the array is a good idea to check for extra linefeeds:
foreach (@files){print “$_\n”}
Hi Prof. Gogarten,
“chomping” the file names before using them in MUSCLE worked perfectly. Thanks for relieving that headache!